Evaluation of Relation between Rainfall and El Nino Phenomena in Iran
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51611/iars.irj.v5i1.2015.42Keywords:
Rain Fall, Climate, Environment AnalysisAbstract
In this study El Nino effects on rainfall in Iran is evaluated. Annual rainfall data of the selected rain gauging stations for the years when El Nino phenomenon has taken place (1973-2012), have been picked up. Next, annual rainfall of the years with and without El Nino phenomenon were compared and then analyzed (correlation is significant at the 0.01 level). Finally, percentage-frequency of the rainfalls influenced by warm Enso condition was obtained. Regarding that El Nino has different affect on rainfall under different regions of the world, the results approved that El Nino, increases rainfall across Iran plateau as annual rainfall is increased from south to north. While less increasing of rainfall is seen for coastal area. Results showed that El Nino causes increasing of annual rainfall in Iran.
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References
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C. Deser and J.Wallace, “Large scale atmospheric circulation features of warm and cold episodes in tropical pacific,†Journal of Climate, Vol.3, 1990, pp.1254-1281.
C. Liles, Precipitation variability in New Mexico some causes and consequences, National Weather Service, 2003, p.15.
C. Markham and D. McLain, “Sea surface temperature related to rain in Ceara, north eastern Brazilâ€.. Nature, Vol. 265, 1977, pp. 320-323
C. Ropelewski and M. Halpert,“Precipitation patterns associated with the high index phase of the southern oscillation,†Journal of Climate, Vol.2, 1989, pp.268 -284.
D. R. MCCULLOUGH, Male harvest in relation to female removals in a black-tailed deer population, Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol.65, 2000, pp.46-58.
F, Khoshakhlagh, “ENSO phenomenon and its impact on Iran’s rainfall Quarterly Periodical, Geographical Research, Vol.51, 1998, pp. 121-139 (in Persian).
F. Semazzi, V. Mehta and Y. Sud, “An investigation of the relationship between sub Saharan rainfall and global sea surface temperature,†Atmosphere and ocean, Vol. 26, 1988, pp.118-138.
G. Famer, “Seasonal forecasting of the Kenya coast short rains, 1901-1984,†Journal of Climatology, Vol.8, 1988, pp.489-497.
G. Kiladis, and H. Dias, “Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the southern oscillation,†Journal of Climate, 1989,pp.1069- 1090.
H. Ghayour and M. Khosravy, “ENSO impact on summer and fall abnormal rainfalls in southeastern Iran,â€Journal of Geographical Research, Vol.62, 1989, pp.141-174 (in Persian).
J. Webster and S. Yange, “Monsoon and ENSO, Selectively interactive system,†Quaternery Journal, Royal Meteorological Society Vol.118, 1992, pp.880-892.
J. Lindesay, M. Harrison and M. Haffner, The southern oscillation and South African rainfall, South African, Journal of Science, Vol.82, 1986, pp.196 -198.
K. Wolter, “Mode of tropical circulation, southern oscillation and sahel rainfall anomalies,†Journal of Climate,Vol. 2, 1989, pp.149 -172.
K. E. Trenberth, and T. Hoar, “The 1990 – 1995 El Nino Southern oscillation Event: longest on record,†Geophysical Research letters, Vol.23, 1996, pp.58. doi:10.1029/95GL03602.
M. Halpert, and C.F. Ropeleweski, “Surface temperature patterns associated with the southern oscillation,†Journal of Climate, Vol.5, 1992, pp.577-593.
M. Mosley, “Regional differences in the effects of El Nino and La Nina on low flows and floods,†Hydrological Sciences Journal, Vol.45, 2000, pp.249 -267.
M. J. Nazemosadat, “ENSO Impact on the Occurrence of Autumnal drought in Iran,†Drought Network News,Vol. 11 , 1999, pp.17-18.
M. Vuille. R. Bradley and F. Keimig, Climate variability in the Andes of Ecuador and its relation to tropical pacific and Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies. Journal of Climate, Vol.13, 2000, pp.2520 -2535.
Masoodian and M. Kaviani, “Iran’s climatology,†university of Esfahan, vol 1st, 2008 (in Persian).
N. Tarras, S. Caudwell and S. Lane,“El Nino events rainfall pattern and floods in the puyango river basin southern Ecuador,†Meteorological, Vol.21, 2006, pp.201-210.
N. Ward, “Diagnosis and short- lead time prediction of summer rainfall in tropical North African at internals and multi decadal time scales,†Journal of Climate, Vol.11, 1998, pp.3167 -3191.
P. Camberlin, “Rainfall anomalies in the source region of the Nile and their connection with the Indian summer monsoon,†Journal of Climate, Vol.10, 1997, pp.1380-1392.
P. Chamberlin, “June-September rainfall in north eastern African and atmospheric signals over the tropics A zonal perspective,†Internationl of Climatology,Vol.15, 1995, pp.773-783.
R. Kane, 2000. El Nino and La Nina relationship with rainfall at Huancayo, in the Peruvian Andes, International Journal of Climatology, 20:63-72.
R. Smith, B. Chen and D.H Bromwich, “Evolution of the troposphere split Jet over the South Pacific Ocean during the 1986-1989, Enso cycleâ€, Monthly, Weather Review.1996.
S. E. Nicholson and J. Kim, “The relationship of the El Nino-southern oscillation to African rainfall, â€International Journal of Climatology, Vol.17, 1997, pp.117-135.
S. E. Nicholson and J.C Selato, “The influence of La Nina on African rainfall,†International Journal Climatology,Vol. 20, 2000, pp.1761-1776.
S. E. Nicholson, On the characteristics of warm episodes in the tropical Atlantic and Indian oceans, International Journal of Climatology, Vol.17, 1997, pp.345-375.
W. Leonard, W. Bandason and J. Dimes, “Climate prediction application workshop,†15-17 March, 2005.
W. Quinn, and V. Neal, “El Nino occurrence over the past four and a half centuries,†Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.92, 1987, pp.1449-1461.
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2015-02-08
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Copyright (c) 2015 Mohammad Hossein Gholizadeh
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How to Cite
Gholizadeh, M.H. (2015) “Evaluation of Relation between Rainfall and El Nino Phenomena in Iran”, IARS’ International Research Journal, 5(1). doi:10.51611/iars.irj.v5i1.2015.42.
